TITANIUM-ZINC IN ARCHITECTURE Study of the Design and Installation of Roofs, Façades and Sheet Metal Work in zintek® EXCERPT
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2.2 SECTION 113 2.2. 1. General information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.2. 2. Requirements of the substructures for zintek® roof claddings. . . . . . . . . 115 2.2. 3. Anchoring of the wooden board and substructure panels. . . . . . . . . . . 122 2.2. 4. Non-combustible metal substructure for zintek® cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 zintek® roof cladding substructure EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 12. Examples of roof structures for zintek® cladding 104 Roof with exposed beams The insulation layer is installed forming a continuous plane directly below the roof cladding. In this way no thermal bridges are formed between the beams. In new buildings, or if an existing one is to be given a new roof, this insulation between the beams is a good solution. 2.1. 12. EXAMPLES OF ROOF STRUCTURES FOR ZINTEK® CLADDING 1. zintek® standing seam roof cladding 2. Acoustic insulation draining filament mat thickness 8 mm 3. Grooved wooden board 4. Ventilated cavity made with wooden battens on continuous seal 5. Continuous seal 6. Breathable waterproofing membrane 7. Thermal and acoustic insulation 8. Vapor braking membrane to be checked with specific thermo-hygrometric assessments 9. Wooden board 10. Structural beams 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 9 10 8 EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 12. Examples of roof structures for zintek® cladding 110 Ventilated roof on wood-cement panels and metal profiles The roof is ventilated by metal tubular profiles. The stratigraphy comprises non-combustible materials. 1. zintek® standing seam roof cladding 2. Acoustic insulation draining filament mat thickness 14 mm 3. Elastomeric bitumen waterproofing membrane with external aluminum film 4. Wood-cement panels 5. Seal 6. Metal tubulars, ventilated cavity 7. Breathable waterproofing membrane with fireproof surface 8. Thermal and acoustic insulation 9. Vapor braking membrane to be checked with specific thermo-hygrometric assessments 10. Load-bearing structure 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 6. Controlled diffusion roof 84 Example of application in roofs with steel and corrugated sheet load-bearing structure The excess water vapor below the breathable membrane can return into the internal environment. The excess water vapor in the internal environment is screened by the vapor braking membrane. 1. zintek® standing seam roof cladding 2. Acoustic insulation draining filament mat 3. Grooved wooden board 4. Ventilated panel made with wooden battens 5. Breathable waterproofing membrane 6. Thermal and acoustic insulation 7. Hygrosensitive membrane THERMO-HYGROMETRIC BEHAVIOR OF THE ENVELOPE Thedifferent climatic conditions in summer andwinter greatly affect the thermo-hygrometric behaviors of the insulation packages and the structures of buildings. In winter, when the indoor temperatures (between 20° and 25°) are usually higher than the outdoor ones, the pressure difference pushes the humidity of the internal environment outside through the roof package. On the contrary, in summer, humidity tends to enter the building. The hygrometric behavior of the envelope is therefore affected by the building’s geographic position, the external and internal environmental conditions, the difference in temperature between day and night and the degree of production of humidity in the indoor environments. The water vapor is discharged thanks to the ventilated cavity. At the points where the insulation is not optimal, any excess water vapor can move towards the ventilated cavity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 6. Controlled diffusion roof 85 VAPOR BRAKING MEMBRANE BELOW THE INSULATION A breathable membrane positioned above a breathable insulating membrane (for example in natural or mineral fibers) and a vapor braking membrane (Sd 2 meters DVA 15 g/m²/24h) positioned underneath guarantee correct passage of vapor in winter, without saturating the insulation with humidity that could condensate in low temperatures. In summer, humidity arriving from outdoors passes through the insulating membrane, drying. WITHOUT VAPOR BRAKING MEMBRANE BELOW THE INSULATING MEMBRANE Not using a vapor braking membrane or replacing it with a breathable membrane would result in better performance in summer, with greater internal “back-drying” of the humidity, but would expose the package to the serious risk of the formation of condensation in winter in the upper part (colder) of the insulation, caused by the humidity arriving from indoors. WINTER WINTER SUMMER SUMMER OK OK OK X -10 / +20 °C -10 / +20 °C +40 / +50 °C +40 / +50 °C -10 / +10 °C -10 / +10 °C +25 / +35 °C +25 / +35 °C +20 / +25 °C +20 / +25 °C +20 / +25 °C +20 / +25 °C ~ 60% U.R. ~ 80% U.R. ~ 80% U.R. ~ 60% U.R. EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 8. Waterproofing 94 Waterproofing below the roof cladding is necessary in the case of: • slightly sloping roof; • roofs in mountainous climates in accordance with standard UNI 10372; • roofs with a slope that is less than that contemplated by the cladding system in use (standing seam cladding with zones of the roof with slope < 3°; cladding with standard shingles with roof slope < 25°; cladding with staggered panels with roof slope < 12°); • roofs with snow load at ground level qs ≥ 3.20 KN/m2; • areas with snow accumulation risk. Fully sealed impermeable attic membrane Hot welding of the breathable waterproofing membrane guarantees perfect waterproofing, airtightness and windproofing because it seals the overlaps and gaps. The membrane is coated on both sides with a hot-weldable synthetic film. The longitudinal edges of the coil are sealed to prevent water rising upwards through capillarity through the central polyester mat. It is important to install only products whose technical datasheet indicates their use for a specific roof slope. A continuous tape seal must be used to guarantee sealing at the fixing points of the battens. Another continuous tape waterproofing of the ventilation batten tape must be used to raise the piercing point of the waterproofing membrane above the water flow plane. Ventilated cavity with metal tubular profile, overlapped waterproofing membrane and interposed seal. Ventilated cavity with double wooden battens, overlapped waterproofing membrane and interposed seal. MONO-ADHESIVE BYTYL TAPE SEAL CONTINUOUS TAPE SEAL EXCERPT
2.1 – Roof stratigraphy – 8. Waterproofing 95 Example of stratigraphy with wooden battens ventilated cavity Example of stratigraphy with metal tubulars ventilated cavity EXCERPT
2.3 – Wind loads for zintek® roof cladding – 5. Types of fixing clips for standing seam cladding 148 Advantages: • variable height from 25 to 65 mm; • high pull-out strength; • high cut resistance that allows the fixed clip to transmit the loads due to snow stopping systems and other additional components towards the gutter; • high-sliding clips for sheets up to a length of 17 m; • clips suitable for the installation of safety devices, fall arrest systems, technological installations, solar panels, access walkways, etc. anchored using clips on the titanium-zinc zintek® standing seam roof cladding. Wide fixed clip thickness 0.5 mm Central position Maximum sliding position Wide clip for profiled sheets made in reinforced stainless steel with ribbing in relief Pull-out strength of 700 N/piece in accordance with the type-approval: • value of 700 N/piece with safety factor 2.0 and fixing using two screws; • value of 700 N/piece with safety factor 3.0 and fixing using three screws; • stainless steel screws with head diameter > 7 mm. Wide large sliding clip with movement ± 25 mm thickness 0.4 mm upper part / thickness 0.6 mm fixing foot. EXCERPT
2.3 – Wind loads for zintek® roof cladding – 3. Measures against lifting due to the wind forces 139 Formula to calculate the number of clips required (pieces/m²): Number of clips * = * fixing the metal clips with screws wind loads (kN/m²) pull-out strength of the clip (kN/piece) Pull-out test on solid wood board with rupture load value Pull-out test on wood-cement board with rupture load value EXCERPT
1.1 – zintek® – 7. Corrosion resistance 40 Compatibility between metals When two metals come into contact, one metal and its compound or one base metal and some metal impurities with different electrochemical potential, a potential difference is generated; that is, a short-circuited battery in which the metals act as electrodes, and the one with least potential acts as an anode and corrodes. When choosing construction materials, it is therefore indispensable to pay utmost attention to any possible chemical contamination by the substrate or adjacent materials. This applies above all for the application of sheets on humid or fresh concrete, for exposed bituminous waterproofing, for green roofs and for wooden roof and façade claddings. The environment mainly causes chemical or galvanic type corrosion due to the pH and humidity respectively. In environments with high resistivity, corrosion is limited to the anodic zone close to the connection with the cathodic area. For this reason, this type of corrosion is extremely serious in the presence of sea water but not fresh water, that has a conductivity of at least 2 orders of magnitude less. Galvanic corrosion, linked to the relative nobility of two metals, will be greater the further the elements are from each other in the standard reduction potentials scale or galvanic scale. Instead, two materials can be called “galvanically compatible” if they are close to each other in the galvanic series. Electrochemical corrosion occurs when two metals with different voltage potential come into contact and the rainwater acts as an electrolyte. The entity of the corrosion depends on the voltage potential difference between adjacent metals and their surface exposure. The flow of rainwater also affects the corrosion process even although this factor is often underestimated in practice: the electrolytes in the water create a galvanic element and the current flows from the anode to the cathode, corroding the less noble metal. 1.1. 7. CORROSION RESISTANCE Voltage potential scale of the materials EXCERPT
1.1 – zintek® – 7. Corrosion resistance 41 Compatibility between materials for the application and production of roof and façade claddings, sheet metal work, substructures and anchoring systems: Material with prevailing mass Aluminum Al Lead Pb Copper and its alloys Titanium-zinc Zn-Ti Stainless steel a) Galvanized steel Aluminum Yes Yes No Yes Yes b) Yes Lead Yes b) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Copper and its alloys No Yes Yes No Yes No Titanium-zinc Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Stainless steel a) No Yes Yes No Yes No Galvanized steel Yes Yes No Yes Yes b) Yes a) Austenitic stainless steels: the properties of stainless steel can be modified by adding other metals to the alloy to counter the influences of the various areas of use. The main components are chromium, nickel, molybdenum and titanium. The resistance of stainless steels to corrosion depends on the presence on the surface of a layer of oxides, called passive layer. Nickel-chromium steel is the most suitable for accessories and anchoring systems. For flue pipes and sheets in close proximity, however, greater resistance to corrosionmust be guaranteed to deal with the sulfur load, choosing an alloy with addedmolybdenum. Stainless steel fixings must be at least A4 quality (withminimummolybdenum content of 2%). Ferritic stainless steels are magnetic and have limited use in roofs, sheet steel works and façades. b) Contact between these metals is possible only in dry areas without the stagnation of humidity and/ or condensation water. Roof with titanium-zinc zintek® standing seam cladding in an industrial environment. EXCERPT
3.1 – Roof cladding systems – 5. System with staggered panels 204 1 4 11 2a 3a 5 6a Ventilated roof with metal-wood support The ventilated cavity comprises wooden battens on which the metal support of the staggered panels is anchored. A filament mat is inserted between the panels and the support. zintek® straggered panels cladding Acoustic insulation draining filament mat thickness 8 mm Folded sheet steel support on wooden battens, ventilated cavity Breathable waterproofing membrane Thermal and acoustic insulation layer Vapor braking membrane zintek® channels 1. 2a. 3a. 4. 5. 6a. 11. EXAMPLES OF STRATIGRAPHIES WITH SHINGLE CLADDING 1 EXCERPT
3.1 – Roof cladding systems – 5. System with staggered panels 206 Examples of installation Single joint Reduced single joint Double joint A B C C Sample photo Zintek School. A B EXCERPT
3.2 – Roof details and joints – 2. Coupling of the roof cladding to the gutter 219 Box-shaped gutter with standing seam coupled to the standing seam façade cladding Box-shaped gutter with connection flashing to the standing seam façade cladding 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EXCERPT
3.2 – Roof details and joints – 3. Ridge and angle (roof ridge) 231 Roof overlap at the connection welt ≥ 100 mm with connection height depending on the pitch slope: • slope ≥ 20° = height ≥ 40 mm; • slope< 20° = height ≥ 60 mm. Height of the connection depending on the pitch slope: • slope ≥ 20° = height ≥ 40 mm; • slope< 20° = height ≥ 60 mm. * Ventilated ridge with metal support substructure for ventilated roof with stratigraphy made of non-combustible materials Ventilated ridge in a direction with closure at a distance from the side bargeboard ≥ 30 ≥ 40 Movement space to compensate the thermal expansion of the sheets; a value of ≥ 20 mm is necessary with sheet lengths of more than 10 m. ≥ 15* ≥ 15* 45 65 ≥ 100 ≥ 100 ≥ 250 ≥ 100 ≥ 40 ≥ 60 ≥ 30 ≥ 30 3° 3 4 EXCERPT
3.1 – Roof cladding systems – 3. Transversal joints in the standing seam cladding 184 3.1. 3. TRANSVERSAL JOINTS IN THE STANDING SEAM CLADDING In a standing seam cladding system, the sheets are anchored with fixed and sliding clips. Using high-sliding clips pitches can be clad with a single sheet up to a length of 17 m. If the pitch length is greater than 17 m, it is necessary to use aligned transversal joints that allow the sheets to expand and slide. The transversal joints must be aligned with each other because, through friction, the double standing seam longitudinal joint does not permit differential thermal expansion between the sheets. The clips must never be positioned at the transversal joints and at the overlap between the two sheets. Example of laying with double standing seam longitudinal joint STAGGERED JOINTS 300 mm Pitch length ≤ 17 m for double standing seam longitudinal joints that do not allow movement of the transversal joint. Pitch length > 17 m for angular standing seam longitudinal joints. To avoid the formation of thickenings of the material, we recommend staggering the transversal joints by at least 300 mm. ALIGNED JOINTS Aligned joints allow compensation of longitudinal expansion for both the double and angular standing seam. STAGGERED JOINTS Double standing seam or angular standing seam longitudinal joint Transversal joint with hooking strip or simple welt A A A B B B A B EXCERPT
3.1 – Roof cladding systems – 3. Transversal joints in the standing seam cladding 185 Types of transversal joints and slopes necessary for cladding that resists heavy rain Type Overlap Required pitch slope Pitch slope with secondary waterproofing ref. chap. 2.1.8 and 2.1.11 Expansion Staggered joint with parallel upstand ≥ 100 mm ≥ 7° (12.3%) ≥ 3° (5.2%) very good Staggered joint with wedge ≥ 100 mm ≥ 10° (17.6%) ≥ 10° (17.6%) reduced Transversal joint with tin-plated hooking strip and draining filament mat inserted in the overlap ≥ 240 mm ≥ 10° (17.6%) ≥ 5° (8.7%) good ≥ 170 mm ≥ 20° (36.4%) ≥ 20° (36.4%) good Simple transversal joint 50 mm ≥ 30° (57.7%) ≥ 20° (36.4%) reduced Double standing seam transversal joint and waterproofing with self-expanding tape 30 mm ≥ 7° (12.3%) ≥ 3° (5.2%) not possible EXCERPT
3.2 – Roof details and joints – 6. Connection to walls and projecting elements 255 Detail of the projecting element with prefabricated flashing. Detail of the zintek® flashing. KEY 1. Natural Brown titanium-zinc zintek® roof cladding 2. Acoustic insulation draining filament mat 3. Adhesive waterproofing membrane with non-slip finish 4. High density wood-cement panel thickness 3 cm 5. Pre-weathered zintek® panels 6. Insect net 7. Pre-weathered zintek® cover, removable for maintenance 1 7 6 5 2 3 4 EXCERPT
7.1 – Tracing and detailed construction development – 7. Flashings at projecting elements on roofs 443 SEMI-CIRCULAR DOUBLE STANDING SEAM FLASHING AT PROJECTING ELEMENTS ref. ch. 3.2 5-15° SKYLIGHTS 25-35° 15-25° Code 06.4 Metal templates to be used for the flashing of the projecting element: 1. choice of the type of template depending on the pitch slope; 2. tracing and cutting of couplings; 3. edging with a hammer on a support template; 4. pre-assembly of the individual elements on the workbench with the standing seam technique; 5. waterproofing of standing seam joints with tin alloy soft soldering. This version allows a good outflow of water thanks to the upper semi-circular connection. With this type it is possible to pre-shape the side elements and the upper connection in the workshop. For sample photographs and details, refer to chapter 3.2.5. Scale: 1:10 EXCERPT
3.2 – Roof details and joints – 4. Construction of valleys 238 Type Overlap Required pitch slope Pitch slope with secondary waterproofing (ref. chap. 2.1.8 and 2.1.11) Expansion Box-shaped valley with a depth ≥ 60 mm ≥ 100 mm ≥ 7° (12.3%) ≥ 3° (5.2%) very good Box-shaped valley with a depth ≥ 30 mm ≥ 100 mm ≥ 20° (36.4%) ≥ 20° (36.4%) good Valley with hooking strip and f ilament mat inserted in the overlap or folded with drainage function ≥ 240 mm ≥ 10° (17.6%) ≥ 7° (12.3%) good ≥ 170 mm ≥ 20° (36.4%) ≥ 20° (36.4%) good Valley with simple seaming 50 mm ≥ 30° (57.7%) ≥ 30° (57.7%) reduced Double joint transversal joint and waterproof ing with self-expanding tape 30 mm ≥ 7° (12.3%) ≥ 3° (5.2%) not possible If a transversal joint of the valleys is necessary, for greater lengths, this must be soldered for slopes between 3° and 10° and made with a transversal joint hooking strip for slopes greater than 10°. EXCERPT
3.2 – Roof details and joints – 4. Construction of valleys 239 This solution requires a specific arrangement in the substructure and offers greater safety in terms of: • protection against the penetration of stagnant water; • movement space to compensate the thermal expansion of the sheets and sheet metal work valley. Box-shaped valley with a depth ≥ 30 mm for roof cladding with slope ≥ 20° Box-shaped valley with depth ≥ 60 mm ≥ 15* ≥ 100 ≥ 100 ≥ 150 ≥ 150 ≥ 60 ≥ 30 * Movement space to compensate the thermal expansion of the sheets; a value of ≥ 20 mm is necessary with sheet lengths of more than 10 m. 1 2 EXCERPT
4.1 – Rainwater collection and drainage systems – 9. Sizing of gutters and drainage downpipes 284 4.1. 9. SIZING OF GUTTERS AND DRAINAGE DOWNPIPES The size of the drains depends on the place of installation and therefore on the rainfall data of the area, the type of cover and the size of the pitches (for these aspects, refer to the EN 120563 standard and the extensive technical reference literature). The size of the downpipes and gutters depends on the intensity of the rainfall, the roof surface area and the discharge value (slope, surface condition). For the calculation, the net measurements of the internal sections and rainfall values reported in the local regulations and defined in liters per second per hectare: l/(s * ha) are considered. The size of the gutter is associatedwith the downpipe according to the calculation and design checks in as of Standard EN 12056-3 (rainwater discharge systems) and Standard EN 612. Calculation of the flow rate of rainwater Q = r * A * C where: Q is the water flow rate in liters per second (l/s) r is the rainfall intensity, in liters per second per hectare l/(s * ha) A is the actual roof surface area in hectares (ha) C is the sliding coefficient of the roof Generic rainfall values Rainfall rate 1 (1) 2 3 (2) r (3) 300 l/s (s*ha) 400 l/s (s*ha) 500 l/s (s*ha) (1) For areas with low rainfall. (2) For areas with heavy rainfall and snowfall. (3) The rainfall considered for the calculation is normally the regional rainfall intensity with a duration of five minutes, forecast once every five years. EXCERPT
4.1 – Rainwater collection and drainage systems – 9. Sizing of gutters and drainage downpipes 285 The following tables show the data for the sizing of downpipes and gutters according to the roof surface, with a wide safety margin and for quick reading. Table for rainfall of 300 l/s (s*ha) Roof area to be connected with rainfall max r = 300 l/(s*ha) Downpipes Related gutter Semicircular Box-shaped Rainwater drain (Q) Nominal size (diameter) Section Nominal size (length) Gutter section Nomina size (length) Gutter section m2 l/s mm cm2 mm cm2 mm cm2 37 1.1 60 28 200 25 200 28 57 1.7 70 38 – – – – 83 2.5 80 50 250 43 250 42 150 4.5 100 79 333 92 333 90 243 7.3 120 113 400 145 400 135 270 8.1 125 122 – – – – 443 13.3 150 177 500 245 500 220 Table for rainfall of 500 l/s (s*ha) – Simplified representation Roof area up to Downpipe (diameter) Gutter size (length) m2 mm mm 24 60 200 52 80 250 / 285 94 100 333 152 120 400 276 150 500 EXCERPT
4.1 – Rainwater collection and drainage systems – 6. Joints for compensation of thermal expansion in gutters 276 4.1. 6. JOINTS FOR COMPENSATION OF THERMAL EXPANSION IN GUTTERS The metals used for the rainwater collection and disposal system are subject to thermal expansion and contraction. In the design and construction of the gutters it is therefore necessary to allow the thermal expansion of the materials and their structure according to the variations in temperature. According to standard UNI 10724, a temperature difference of 80 K approximately from -20 ° to +60 ° C must be considered. However, these temperatures vary depending on the installation site, altitude, orientation and exposure to sunlight. For the values of the linear thermal expansion coefficients, please refer to chapter 2.4. 1. Thermal actions for zintek® roof claddings – General information. All joints and fixings must be made in such a way as to allow the components of the gutter system to expand and contract as the temperature changes. To this end, it is advisable to maintain a length of less than 10 m for the sections of exposed gutter. For longer lengths it is necessary to use expansion joints. The following table shows themaximum indicative values of the distance between expansion joints in external and internal gutters. For the expansion joint, a possibility of movement ≥ 20 mm is considered. Component Distances Suspended gutters placed outside the pitch 10.0 m Gutters placed inside the pitch 8.0 m The above values should be halved in the distribution of the joints in the corner areas and in the fixed discharge points in the internal gutters. Center distance of the joints in the linear sections. Center distance of the joints for the external corners. Center distance of the joints for the internal corners. ≤ 10 M ≤ 5 M ≤ 5 M EXCERPT
4.1 – Rainwater collection and drainage systems – 6. Joints for compensation of thermal expansion in gutters 277 TYPES OF EXPANSION JOINTS IN GUTTERS: 1. Double-headed mechanical joint at the highest point of the gutter slope Positioning of the joint between the two heads. Detail of the internal gutter joint. Completed joint. Internal gutter joint in the construction phase. (to be completed with sealing tape and zintek® cladding) Alignment of the gutter using the tie rods. Elastic sealing tape: - polyethylene film; - butyl glue; - pre-cut silicone liner. 1 3 2 1b. Example of construction for external gutter with internal tie rod 1c. Example of construction for internal gutter 1a. Example of construction for external gutter with support gutter rafter brackets EXCERPT
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4.2 SECTION 287 4.2. 1. General information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 4.2. 2. Types of construction of the drip tray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 4.2. 3. Creation of the gable on roofs with tile and pantile roof cladding. . . . . . . 290 4.2. 4. Making wall copings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.2. 5. Compensation for longitudinal expansion due to thermal action. . . . . . . . 295 4.2. 6. Corner joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 4.2. 7. Edge drip trays and dimensions for construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Gables and copings EXCERPT
4.2 – Gables and copings – 1. General information 288 4.2. 1. General information The gables are the side closures of the roof, while the copings protect the head of the walls and the façade cladding from water. The edge areas are in fact particularly exposed to wind and rain: under the pressure of the wind, the water tends to rise along the façade; the roof and the overlap between the gable and the façade protect the connection area. The shape and type of closure of the edges determine the resistance to the action of the wind: the greater the height of the gable edge with respect to the ground level, the lower the extraction forces exerted on the roof cladding in the edge area. In the edge areas it is important to pay attention to the number and type of fixing clips. Swirling wind at the edge of the roof. Influence of the actions of the wind in the roof-façade connection area. WIND DIRECTION WIND DIRECTION EXCERPT
4.2 – Gables and copings – 2. Types of construction of the drip tray 289 4.2. 2. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE DRIP TRAY When designing the geometry of the drip tray it is important to take into account the surface adhesion forces that hinder the detachment of water from the metal surface. Water flowing along a vertical surface will tend to stick to the surface even when it changes direction; the detachment of water molecules from the curved surface occurs when it reaches the point where the weight of the water (mass * gravity) is greater than the surface adhesion force. The surface adhesion force varies from metal to metal, and with it therefore, with the same geometry, the point of detachment also varies. From the moment of detachment, due to its speed of flow, the water film continues along a tangential direction and according to a parabolic path that tends to bring it towards the wall. Meteoric water (water film on the surface of the metal) The image shows the detail of the drip tray whose shape is unfavorable for the removal of water from the façade. Types of drip trays Boxed drip tray. Drip tray with angular closure. Drip tray with pressed closure. ≥ 20 ≥ 20 ≥ 5 ≥ 20 EXCERPT
5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 3. Coupling systems on standing seam roof cladding 332 5.3. 3. COUPLING SYSTEMS ON STANDING SEAM ROOF CLADDING The coupling of the solar panels to the standing seam zintek® roof cladding takes place by means of clips that allow not to use through fasteners, to guarantee functionality and continuity of the cladding and allow its thermal expansion. Any metal frame supporting the panels is also anchored to the clips by means of a sliding coupling system that allows the profile the necessary movement. The values allowed by the standing seam cladding coupling systemmust be higher than the loads transmitted by the solar panels and its support structure. Technical characteristics of the coupling clamp: • the clamp pressure is exerted only on the sides of the standing seam edge; • presence of a retaining hook below the standing seam edge, against extraction even in the case of slight loosening of the nut over time and vibrations due to inclement weather; • open angle for the transversal expansion of the cladding (11° + 15°, as indicated in the example drawing); • can be used both in the area with fixed clips and in the area with sliding clips; • is installed with the counter hooks positioned on the side of the standing seam welt; • the nuts are tightened with a torque wrench, according to the values shown on the product data sheet. 11° 15° Example of a clamping system for fixing photovoltaic panels on seaming, which allows thermal expansion transversally and longitudinally to the roof cladding. EXCERPT
5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 3. Coupling systems on standing seam roof cladding 333 PULL-OUT STRENGTH DUE TO WIND LOADS ON THE SOLAR POWER PLANT (KN/SMQ) PULL-OUT STRENGTH OF THE CLIPS OR THE SUPPORT CLAMP (consider the lower value) KN/PZ NUMBER OF CLAMPS REQUIRED (PCS/SQM) = When using a support structure for solar panels that entail the use of clamps on standing seamcladdings, it is always necessary to check the compatibility of the loads between the two systems, since the actions of the single clamp are transmitted to the load-bearing structure through the entire roof stratigraphy, with the relative fixings. The structural verification can be carried out by means of complete laboratory certificates or by means of calculation reports based on the strengths of the individual components (solar panels, clamps, type and cladding material, clips and related fixings, type of continuous support and related fixings to the support structure). In the absence of a correct sizing of the cladding panel system, excessive loads on the single clamp can cause the standing seam edge to break and, in some cases, even the detachment of the cladding, together with the coupling clips. The longitudinal joint of the double standing seam cladding can be subjected, at any point, to a maximum stress that is transmitted to the underlying structure. To size and verify the number of clamps required, the minimum pull-out strength value of the clip and the clamp coupling on the standing seam edge is considered. On the basis of laboratory tests, the manufacturer of clamps and fixing clips provides information on the permanent loads (weight of the panels and substructure) and incidental loads (snow loads, wind and maintenance load) that the system can absorb in terms of pull-out, compressive strength and resistance to sliding in the direction of the pitch. It is advisable to consider the values of the strength tests relating to the most unfavorable load combination, making sure that the deformations due to the loads remain in the elastic field of the materials without permanent deformations. In the case of installed solar modules that are not coplanar with the roof pitch, the pull-out strength due to wind actions will be higher than for adjacent systems. Verification and sizing of the number of clamps required: EXCERPT
5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 3. Coupling systems on standing seam roof cladding 334 Lowered clamp with direct support without metal roof frame 1 The clamp has a direct panel support plate and allows minimization of the distance between the roof cladding and the photovoltaic panel, for greater visual integration. 40 EXCERPT
5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 3. Coupling systems on standing seam roof cladding 335 Support clamp with metal roof frame 2 75 The metal roof frame is anchored to support clamps. The coupling between clamps and profiles must allow thermal expansion of the frame and avoid transmitting forces transversally to the standing seamcladding. It is recommended to use profiles of length ≤ 3 m with sliding joints (5-10 mm). EXCERPT
5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 3. Coupling systems on standing seam roof cladding 336 Lowered clamp with direct support without metal roof frame Lowered clamp with direct support with metal roof frame Clamp with direct support without metal roof frame EXCERPT
Lightning rod installed on the ridge line. Lightning rod installed in the gutter zone near the snow stopping line. Aluminum lightning rod with grounding line. 5.3 – Solar panel support systems – 4. Protection against lightning and surges in photovoltaic systems 337 5.3. 4. PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING AND SURGES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS The lightning protection system can be connected directly to the standing seam cladding with spot clamps, without holes and interruption of the continuity of the cladding. For the construction of the collection network and for the connection of the photovoltaic panels, the use of materials and accessories compatible with the titanium-zinc zintek® cladding (such as galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum) is recommended. The use of materials such as copper and its alloys is not allowed. EXCERPT
6.1 – Ventilated façade stratigraphy – 5. Protection against the spread of fire on ventilated façades 354 6.1. 5. PROTECTION AGAINST THE SPREAD OF FIRE ON VENTILATED FAÇADES To limit the spread of fire along the façades of buildings, specific regulations, technical guides and regulations have been developed to which reference should be made. The fire-fighting designer defines the technical requirements of the façade according to the type of building, the intended use, the expected fire loads and the distribution of the compartments. In general, it is preferable to use non-combustible materials on the façade; if there are combustible materials, it is possible to limit the spread of fire on the façade by inserting strips of non-combustible material, in compliance with current regulations. In the event of a fire, temperatures of 900 °C can be reached at the windows and, without sufficient protection, the flames could penetrate the ventilated cavity. The use of fire barriers protects against this risk. 1. 2. 3. In general, three typical fire propagation scenarios can be described on the building façade system: 1. propagation of the fire from the outside due to radiation with flying embers from adjacent buildings; 2. propagation of the fire from the outside due to nearby sources of fire, through radiation or direct exposure to flames (waste on balconies, parked cars, etc.); 3. propagation of the fire inside the building through the openings in the façade (windows, doors, etc.). EXCERPT
6.1 – Ventilated façade stratigraphy – 5. Protection against the spread of fire on ventilated façades 355 Window soffit with metal fire barrier and front ventilation. Window soffit without fire barrier and with ventilation from below: the flames propagate inside the ventilated cavity. Galvanized steel or stainless steel fire barrier, min. thickness 1.0 mm. D1 Horizontal and/or vertical fire barriers in the ventilated cavity can also be installed on each floor or on each second floor, based on the fire risk assessment. According to the FVHF regulation and the DIN 18515-1 standard, the total size of the openings in the fire barriers must be limited to 100 cm²/m of wall. Fire barriers guarantee the interruption of the propagation of the fire for 30 or 60 minutes, depending on the type of application and the characteristics of the system used. The open width of the ventilated cavity must not exceed 50 mm for façades with a wooden substructure and 150 mm for façades with a metal substructure. EXCERPT
6.1 – Ventilated façade stratigraphy – 5. Protection against the spread of fire on ventilated façades 358 Metal fire barrier According to the FVHF Germany regulation and DIN 18515-1, the fire barrier must be made of galvanized steel or stainless steel with a thickness ≥ 1.0 mm and positioned in the ventilation cavity. The fire barrier, inside the cavity, is positioned at a distance of ≤ 10 mm from the inner edge of the cladding and, in any case, ensuring the correct air flow of the ventilated façade. Class A1 rigid panel insulation Melting point > 1,000 °C Density > 40 Kg/m3 Maximum thickness 360 mm Galvanized steel sheet fire barrier Thickness ≥ 1.0 mm Galvanized steel sheet fire barrier Thickness ≥ 1.0 mm ≤ 10 mm EXCERPT
6.1 – Ventilated façade stratigraphy – 5. Protection against the spread of fire on ventilated façades 359 Projecting metal fire barrier A projecting fire barrier prevents the propagation of fire within the cavity and, thanks to the projection fromthe cladding, it limits the propagation of flames to the upper floors. According to the OEFHF AUSTRIA regulation and based on studies carried out, detailed analyses have been developed to achieve the protection objectives. Example of the construction of a fire barrier with a cladding of noncombustible material (titanium-zinc zintek®) at the internal corner of the façade Projecting fire barrier made of galvanized steel sheet or stainless-steel sheet thickness ≥ 1.0 mm cladded with zintek® a ≥ 100 ≥ 100 ≥ 200 ≥ 200 > 1,000 < 1,000 ≥ 500 A – projection of the metal fire barrier from the façade cladding with the function of protecting against the spread of flames, to be defined in the fire protection project EXCERPT
6.3 – Ventilated façade cladding systems – 2. Standing seam cladding 370 6.3. 2. STANDING SEAM CLADDING In standing seam cladding, the choice of the orientation of the longitudinal joints (vertical, horizontal, oblique) depends on the aesthetic result to be obtained. In fact, standing seam cladding allows the cladding of complex surfaces and guarantees wide design flexibility thanks to the combination of variable elements such as the length and width of the sheets, and, therefore, the center distance between the longitudinal joints and the transversal joints (aligned or staggered). Generally, in façade cladding, an angular standing seam joint is used; the angular standing seam is a variant of double standing seams in which the last closure of the joint is avoided. The angular standing seamhas a greater aesthetic impact than double seaming and ensures optimal compensation for thermal expansion. Titanium-zinc zintek® sheet cladding with horizontal and inclined angular standing seam joints with connection to the continuous façade. EXCERPT
7.1 – Tracing and detailed construction development – 11. Wall-roof joints 448 7.1. 11. WALL-ROOF JOINTS WALL-ROOF JOINT WITH FLASHING ref. ch. 6.3 Code 10.1 * * Joint detail that allows the thermal expansion of the roof cladding with standing seam sheets. Scale: 1:2 Movement space necessary to compensate the thermal expansion of the roof cladding sheets. With a sheet length of more than 10 m it is necessary to increase it to ≥ 20 mm. EXCERPT
6.3 – Ventilated façade cladding systems – 3. Shingle cladding system 382 Ventilated façade cladding with shingles on a metal support Using non-combustible metal substructures and insulation with reaction to fire class a1, the stratigraphy meets the fire resistance requirements. 3a 1. Façade cladding with zintek® rectangular shingles 2. Corrugated sheet continuous support 3. Thermoacoustic insulation pre-coupled with black mineral film or double density insulation. 4. Metal brackets on wall 5. Metal profiles supporting corrugated sheet 6. Load-bearing structure 1 6 5 4 2 3 EXCERPT
6.3 – Ventilated façade cladding systems – 3. Shingle cladding system 381 System features • strong visual impact and the possibility of cladding complex construction geometries; • individual elements of dimensions and geometry freely adaptable to the project; • maximum recommended shingle length up to 2.0 m (in special cases it can be increased to a maximum value of 3.0 m); • recommended shingle width ≤ 500 mm; • titanium-zinc thickness 0.7 – 0.8 – 1.00 mm; • maximum freedom in the customization of the cladding; • overlap with hooked welt and indirect fixings with retractable brackets. Substructure The shingle system wall cladding falls into the category of non-self-supporting systems. The shingles are installed on a continuous wooden support (layers of parallel boards or panels) or on a continuous metal support in corrugated sheet. Compensation for thermal expansion In shingle cladding, the thermal expansion of the material is managed and absorbed by each individual "tile" of the façade. The variations in the length and width of the shingles are compensated by the longitudinal and transversal joints with simple welt. Rectangular shingles with inclined direction and joints with constant staggering Continuity of the longitudinal joint at the top of the façade EXCERPT
6.3 – Ventilated façade cladding systems – 3. Shingle cladding system 390 Example of construction details for shingle cladding HORIZONTAL SECTIONS D1A D2A D3A D3B D2B D1B Internal corner detail D1 External corner detail D3 Detail of the window type side joint D2 EXCERPT
6.3 – Ventilated façade cladding systems – 3. Shingle cladding system 391 Example of construction details for shingle cladding VERTICAL SECTIONS Detail of the façade joint to the upper coping Detail of the intrados window joint D4 D5 Detail of ground façade joint Detail of window sill joint D6 D7 Detail to be coordinated with executive project EXCERPT
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7.1 SECTION 419 7.1. 1. General information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 7.1. 2. Gutter joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 7.1. 3. Vertical joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 7.1. 4. Transversal roof joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 7.1. 5. Transversal joints on wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 7.1. 6. Standing seam joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 7.1. 7. Flashings at projecting elements on roofs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 7.1. 8. Roof-wall joint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 7.1. 9. Vertical joint on standing seam wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 7.1. 10. Facade edge connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 7.1. 11. Wall-roof joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 7.1. 12. Wall-false ceiling joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 7.1. 13. Corner coping flashing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 7.1. 14. Window sill with folding on both sides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Tracing and detailed construction development EXCERPT
458 REFERENCE STANDARDS Technical regulations for the buildings (NTC) UNI EN 1179 Zinc and zinc alloys – Primary zinc UNI EN 988 Zinc and zinc alloys – Specif ications for rolled flat products for building UNI EN 612 Eaves gutters with bead stiffened fronts and rainwater pipes with seamed joints made of metal sheet UNI EN 12056-3 Gravity drainage systems inside buildings – Roof drainage, layout and calculation UNI EN 1991-1-3 Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-3: General actions – Snow loads UNI EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions UNI EN 1991-1-5 Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-5: General actions – Thermal actions UNI EN 795 Personal fall protection equipment – Anchor devices UNI EN 29454-1 Soft soldering fluxes UNI EN 29453 Soft solder alloys. Chemical composition UNI EN 13986 Wood-based panels for use in construction UNI 8178-1 Covers – Part 1: Analysis of the elements and functional layers of discontinuous roofs UNI 11345 Control activities for the design phases, execution and continuous roof ing management UNI 10372 Discontinuous roofs – Instructions for design, execution and maintenance of roof ing made of metal sheets UNI 10724 Covers – Rainwater collection and disposal systems – Instructions for design and execution with discontinuous elements UNI 11470 Synthetic screens and breathable membranes UNI 11018 Instructions for the design, realization and maintenance of supporting and f ixing systems for mechanically assembled façade claddings EXCERPT
459 CONTENT INDEX INTRODUZIONE 03 A technical-scientific study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03 Who we are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 The value of metal cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 The building envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Titanium-zinc in architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Strengths of a titanium-zinc cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Expressive and compositional aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Technical characteristics of titanium-zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Environmental sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Fields of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sectors of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Industry becomes manufacturing: The Zintek project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 1 ZINTEK® 25 1.1 From zinc to zintek® 27 1.1. 1. The raw material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.1. 2. Technical data sheet of the product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.1. 3. The supply chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.1. 4. Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.1. 5. Surface appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 1.1. 6. Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.1. 7. Corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.1. 8. Workability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.1. 9. Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 1.1. 10. Ecology and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.1. 11. Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.1. 12. Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.1. 13. Folding and profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 1.1. 14. ZC type rolled product for sheet metal accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1.1. 15. Product certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 1.1. 16. The stratification of the envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 EXCERPT
460 2 ROOF COVERINGS 59 2.2 Roof stratigraphy 61 2.1. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.1. 2. Applied physics - The roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.1. 3. Ventilated roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.1. 4. Non-ventilated roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 2.1. 5. Managing humidity in the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.1. 6. Controlled diffusion roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.1. 7. The airtightness and windproofing of the roof system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 2.1. 8. Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.1. 9. Thermal insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.1. 10. Separator layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.1. 11. Secondary waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.1. 12. Examples of roof structures for zintek® cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.2 zintek® roof cladding substructure 113 2.2. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.2. 2. Requirements of the substructures for zintek® roof claddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.2. 3. Anchoring of the wooden board and substructure panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 2.2. 4. Non-combustible metal substructure for zintek® cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.3 Wind loads for zintek® roof cladding 127 2.3. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2.3. 2. Actions on structures according to euro code 1, part 1-4: wind actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 2.3. 3. Measures against lifting due to the wind forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 2.3. 4. Anchoring of the standing seam roof cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 2.3. 5. Types of fixing clips for standing seam cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.3. 6. Distribution of fixed and sliding clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2.3. 7. Anchoring systems for shingle roof cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2.4 Thermal actions for zintek® roof claddings 155 2.4. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 2.4. 2. Thermal expansion of titanium-zinc zintek® sheets and folded profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2.4. 3. Length of titanium-zinc zintek® sheets and folded profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.4. 4. Width of titanium-zinc zintek® sheets and folded profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 EXCERPT
461 3 ROOF CLADDINGSAND JOINTS 163 3.1 Roof cladding systems 165 3.1. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3.1. 2. Standing seam system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3.1. 3. Transversal joints in the standing seam cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 3.1. 4. Shingle system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 3.1. 5. System with staggered panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 3.2 Roof detailsand joints 209 3.2. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 3.2. 2. Coupling of the roof cladding to the gutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.2. 3. Ridge and angle (roof ridge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 3.2. 4. Construction of valleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 3.2. 5. Connections of the roof cladding at the edge of the roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 3.2. 6. Connection to walls and projecting elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4 ROOF SHEET METAL WORK 261 4.1 Rainwater collection and drainage systems 263 4.1. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 4.1. 2. Gutters positioned outside the pitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 4.1. 3. Soft soldered joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 4.1. 4. Glued joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 4.1. 5. Installation of gutters outside the roof pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 4.1. 6. Joints for compensation of thermal expansion in gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 4.1. 7. Gutters positioned within the roof pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 4.1. 8. Outlets, leaf guards, overflow and downpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 4.1. 9. Sizing of gutters and drainage downpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 4.2 Gables and copings 287 4.2. 1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 4.2. 2. Types of construction of the drip tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 4.2. 3. Creation of the gable on roofs with tile and pantile roof cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 4.2. 4. Making wall copings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.2. 5. Compensation for longitudinal expansion due to thermal action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 4.2. 6. Corner joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 4.2. 7. Edge drip trays and dimensions for construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 EXCERPT
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